Converting Genotype into Phenotype:

What do the following individuals look like?

1- If A is dominant to a, what do "AA" "Aa" and "aa" look like?
AA and Aa express the "A" phenotype. aa is the "a" phenotype.

2- If B and b are codominant, what do "BB" "Bb" and "bb" look like?
BB is the "B" phenotype. bb is the "b" phenotype. Bb is an intermediate between the two, or shows both looks or parts of each.

3- If c is recessive to C, what do "CC" "Cc" and "cc" look like?
CC and Cc are the "C" phenotype. cc is the "c" phenotype.

4- If D is dominant to both d¹ and d², and d¹ and d² are codominant to each other, what do "DD" "Dd¹" "Dd²" "d¹d¹" "d²d²" and "d¹d²" look like?
DD, Dd¹, and Dd² are the "D" phenotype.
d¹d¹ is the "d¹" phenotype.
d²d² is the "d²" phenotype.
d¹d² will show elements of both the d¹ and d² phenotypes, or be an intermediate between the two.

Beginner:
Practice FOIL:

5- BB x Bb = BB and Bb (simplified from BB Bb BB Bb)

6- bb x Bb = bB and bb (simplified from bB bb bB bb)

7- bb x bb = bb (simplified from bb bb bb bb)

8- Bb x Bb = BB, Bb, Bb, and bb

9- BB x bb = Bb (simplified from Bb Bb Bb Bb)

Intermediate:
Combine two results. Use FOIL on each trait, then combine with a grid.

10- CCDD x CcDD


	CC	Cc
DD	CCDD	CcDD




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11- ccDd x ccdd


	Dd	dd
cc	ccDd	ccdd




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12- CCdd x ccDD


	Cc
Dd	CcDd




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13- CcDd x CcDd


	CC	Cc	cC	cc
DD	CCDD	CcDD	cCDD	ccDD
Dd	CCDd	CcDd	cCDd	ccDd
dD	CCdD	CcdD	cCdD	ccdD
dd	CCdd	Ccdd	cCdd	ccdd




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14- Ccdd x CcDd


	Dd	dd
CC	CCDd	CCdd
cC	cCDd	cCdd
Cc	CcDd	Ccdd
cc	ccDd	ccdd

Advanced:
Use FOIL for each trait to get all three results. Combine two into a grid, then add the third.

15- aabbcc x AaBbCc


	Aa	aa
Bb	AaBb	aaBb
bb	Aabb	aabb




	Cc	cc
AaBb	AaBbCc	AaBbcc
Aabb	AabbCc	Aabbcc
aaBb	aaBbCc	aaBbcc
aabb	aabbCc	aabbcc




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16- aaBbCc x AabbCc


	Aa	aa
Bb	AaBb	aaBb
bb	Aabb	aabb




	CC	Cc	cC	cc
AaBb	AaBbCC	AaBbCc	AaBbcC	AaBbcc
Aabb	AabbCC	AabbCc	AabbcC	Aabbcc
aaBb	aaBbCC	aaBbCc	aaBbcC	aaBbcc
aabb	aabbCC	aabbCc	aabbcC	aabbcc




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17- AaBbCc x aaBbcc


	Aa	aa
BB	AaBB	aaBB
Bb	AaBb	aaBb
bB	AabB	aabB
bb	Aabb	aabb




	Cc	cc
AaBB	AaBBCc	AaBBcc
AaBb	AaBbCc	AaBbcc
AabB	AabBCc	AabBcc
Aabb	AabbCc	Aabbcc
aaBB	aaBBCc	aaBBcc
aaBb	aaBbCc	aaBbcc
aabB	aabBCc	aabBcc
aabb	aabbCc	aabbcc




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18- AaBbCc x AaBbCc


	AA	Aa	aA	aa
BB	AABB	AaBB	aABB	aaBB
Bb	AABb	AaBb	aABb	aaBb
bB	AAbB	AabB	aAbB	aabB
bb	AAbb	Aabb	aAbb	aabb




	CC	Cc	cC	cc
AABB	AABBCC	AABBCc	AABBcC	AABBcc
AABb	AABbCC	AABbCc	AABbcC	AABbcc
AAbB	AAbBCC	AAbBCc	AAbBcC	AAbBcc
AAbb	AAbbCC	AAbbCc	AAbbcC	AAbbcc
AaBB	AaBBCC	AaBBCc	AaBBcC	AaBBcc
AaBb	AaBbCC	AaBbCc	AaBbcC	AaBbcc
AabB	AabBCC	AabBCc	AabBcC	AabBcc
Aabb	AabbCC	AabbCc	AabbcC	Aabbcc
aABB	aABBCC	aABBCc	aABBcC	aABBcc
aABb	aABbCC	aABbCc	aABbcC	aABbcc
aAbB	aAbBCC	aAbBCc	aAbBcC	aAbBcc
aAbb	aAbbCC	aAbbCc	aAbbcC	aAbbcc
aaBB	aaBBCC	aaBBCc	aaBBcC	aaBBcc
aaBb	aaBbCC	aaBbCc	aaBbcC	aaBbcc
aabB	aabBCC	aabBCc	aabBcC	aabBcc
aabb	aabbCC	aabbCc	aabbcC	aabbcc

Expert:
Use the shortcut shown in Step 9 by multiplying "odds per locus" to find the desired outcome.

19- When crossing AaBbCcDdee x aaBbccDdEe, what are the odds of getting aabbccddee?
aa = 1/2
bb = 1/4
cc = 1/2
dd = 1/4
ee = 1/2
Total = 1 in 128 per egg.



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20- When crossing AaBbCcDdEe X AaBbCcDdEe, what are the odds of getting aabbCcddee?
aa = 1/4
bb = 1/4
Cc = 1/2
dd = 1/4
ee = 1/4
Total = 1 in 512 per egg.



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21- When crossing AaBbCcDdEe X AaBbCcDdEe, assuming "e" is recessive, what are the odds of getting offspring showing recessive traits a, b, c, and d, but not e?
aa = 1/4
bb = 1/4
Cc = 1/4
dd = 1/4
ee = 3/4
Total = 3 in 1024 per egg.